The French Past Perfect (Pluperfect) Le Plus-Que-Parfait

The French past perfect, or pluperfect—known in French as le plus-que-parfait—is used to indicate an action in the past that occurred before another action in the past. The latter use can be either mentioned in the same sentence or implied. Le Plus-Que-Parfait The  plus†que†parfait  is the compound form of the  imparfait  (imperfect)  and is formed by using the imperfect of the appropriate helping verb,  avoir  or  Ãƒ ªtre (have or be)  and the  participe  passà ©Ã‚  (past participle) of the verb. Its English equivalent is â€Å"had† and the past participle. The table provides some example; for clarity, the prior action is listed in parentheses in some cases. French Pluperfect English Translation Il navait pas mang (avant de faire ses devoirs). He hadnt eaten (before doing his homework). Jai fait du shopping ce matin. Javais dj fait la lessive. I went shopping this morning. I had already done the laundry. Jtais dj sorti (quand tu as tlphon). I had already left (when you called). Nous voulions te parler parce que nous ne tavions pas vu hier. We wanted to talk to you because we didnt see you yesterday. Expressing Hypotheticals The pluperfect is also used in si clauses to express a hypothetical situation in the past contrary to what actually happened.  Si  clauses or conditionals produce conditional sentences, with one clause stating a condition or possibility and a second clause naming a result produced by that condition. In English, such sentences are called if/then constructions. The French  si  means if in English. There is no equivalent for then per se in  French conditional sentences. French Pluperfect With Si Clause English Translation Si tu mavais demand, jaurais rpondu. If you had asked me, I would have answered. Nous y serions alls si nous avions su. We would have gone if we had known. Other  Plus-Que-Parfait Information The French past perfect is a  compound conjugation, which means it has two parts: Imperfect  of the  auxiliary verb  (either  avoir  or  Ãƒ ªtre)Past participle  of the main verb Like all French compound conjugations, the past perfect may be subject to  grammatical  agreement, as follows: When the auxiliary verb is  Ãƒ ªtre, the past participle must agree with the subject.When the auxiliary verb is  avoir, the past participle may have to agree with its direct object. French Past Perfect Conjugations Conjugating the French  le plus-que-parfait  (the past perfect or pluperfect) requires knowing when to use  avoir,  Ãƒ ªtre, or a  pronominal, as the table demonstrates for the verbs  aimer  (to love),  devenir  (to become), and  lavar  (to wash). Aimer (auxiliary verb is avoir) j avais aim tu avais aim il,elle avait aim nous avions aim vous aviez aim ils,elles avaient aim Devenir (tre verb) j tais devenu(e) tu tais devenu(e) il tait devenu nous tions devenu(e)s vous tiez devenu(e)(s) ils taient devenus elle tait devenue elles taient devenues Se Laver (pronominal verb) je mtais lav(e) tu ttais lav(e) il stait lav ils staient lavs nous nous tions lav(e)s vous vous tiez lav(e)(s) elle stait lave elles staient laves French  pronominal verbs are accompanied by the reflexive pronoun  se  or  s  preceding the infinitive, hence  the grammatical term pronominal, which means relating to a pronoun. All conjugated  verbs, with the exception of the  imperative  form, require a  subject pronoun.

Essay about Unit 4 P1 - 2506 Words

Emotional development- Young infants probably do not have a sense of being an individual. Attachment has been defined as an affectional bond that endures across space and time. There would most likely be a psychological response; you would feel surprised and somewhat pleased to see your mom. Infants who are securely attached have successfully developed what Erikson referred to as trust. Social development- Infants soon recongnise their mothers voice and smell. Social referencing is the term for the way that infants take their cues from others in deciding what emotions and actions are appropriate. How do infants learn to be afraid of something? One way is their own experience, but that experience is very limited. A second way is by†¦show more content†¦Social: At this stage of life, Adolescences communicate socially by using social network sites or by mobile phones and other gadgets as technology is increasing rapidly. They become more involved in group activities and plan on going out and have a good time. Predictable * Starting secondary school, carrying on with further education such as A-levels, university * Starting work- going into full/part time job when you are legally able to work * Puberty changes which occur during the ages 10-18 Un-Predictable * Bereavement * Crime- being involved in a crime you unintentionally/intentionally cause * Convictions * Teenage pregnancy- not using birth control if you are having sex, most are likely to become pregnant Development norms and milestones for adolescence (10-18 years) During the life stage of adolescence, it is a time of many physical, mental, emotional, and social changes. Hormones change and puberty begins. Boys grow facial hair and go through wet dreams and erections. Girls begin to grow hair under their arms and other areas, breasts start to grow and the menstrual cycle begins. 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Fryderyk Chopin Romanticism in Music free essay sample

From the very beginning, It Is clear as to why this music Is Romantic. The quiet sextuplets underneath a very distinguishable melody, along with dramatic rulings and failings allow the listener to recognize the Romantic qualities. But there are other things that give It away. The extended range of the Plano that was Introduced during this time period is brought out in several spots, especially in m. 4, where a addenda in the right hand is raised an octave. Also, the way the right and left hands are aligned, the melody sounds stretched, as if it is solely an interpretation by the performer. While this piece and many works are heavily influenced by ones interpretation, emphasis on the middle beats of the sextuplets make them sound as if they are on the downbeat, thus making the melody sound stretched, at least to a listener with no exposure to this piece.While earlier piano pieces from the Classical period may use the left hand as purely accompaniment, this uses the left hand for lour, and allows the right hand to seem more lenient with the rhythms. We will write a custom essay sample on Fryderyk Chopin: Romanticism in Music or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This, along with the variety of note-values and groupings, give the right hand the ability to sounds Like a time-governed cadenza. The Ideas of Romanticism are heavily emphasized by Chopping musical creations. It is quite obvious that this Nocturne, along with the majority of Chopping other works, carries a strophic form.The theme is repeated and built upon, though it is never more than a few measures long before moving on to the next motive. The book even states that the A theme unfolds unpredictably through constant variation. In a less touchy-feely sort of way, the phonetic aspects of the piece contribute to the tension and calmness involved in the story of the Nocturne. As mentioned above, the sense of rhythmic duress is nothing more than a piece of the puzzle that helps make the Nocturne a piece of Romantic.The syntax of the evolving theme help create the semantics, or the senses, that Chopin hoped to achieve. While the unraveling Is somewhat unpredictable, the entire point of this Nocturne Is to allow the listener to experience the character; the semantics of the piece. Without a doubt, a listener that s able to appreciate music, even at a very basic level, should have an idea as to what the composer was trying to achieve. A listener may feel calm, tranquil, or stress-free, even as the climax of the B section takes place.The ideas discussed in class of what Romanticism is (return to nature, emphasis on feelings, rediscovery of the past) all fit into ones ability to relate to the music: a key factor in Romantic ideology. The ability for one to put their own story to a Romantic piece of work is one of the beautiful things about this time period. Since the requirements for this paper were for me to sky questions, I decided to ask myself a question as to what I felt or thought of when hearing it. So, here goes. The story is something that I cherish has happened very recently.The beginning represents a love, something I shared over the summer with someone. I couldnt help but feel a constant longing to be with them, let alone be away and not think about them at all times of the day. Life was pleasant to say the least. But, things didnt work out the way I thought they would. My feelings werent before returning to school so I wouldnt have to feel the pain as much and start the master off poorly. This would represent the A and B sections. The repetition of A has not happened quite yet. I am saving that for the final love.The one that lasts up until the day I die a peaceful death, which is represented by the ending. The story is not something that Im good at describing in words, at least on paper. I typically dont have an issue letting my feelings come out with close friends or with someone a bit more significant. But this piece constantly reminds me of how I feel, what Im capable of feeling, and ultimately, what I want out of life. Every person who listens to this piece can ultimately put a story of their own into the context.I cant help but feel connection of energy and my soul to this piece, which I feel is the absolute goal of Chopin and other Romantic composers. Perhaps not to connect other people with their music, but to connect other people with themselves, the composers. Chopping contribution to the evolution of music is made clear by the incredible use of language that do more than tell a story. The language speaks feelings into a listener more than anything from the previous era could do.

Universal Exposition 1889 Essay Example

Universal Exposition 1889 Paper The Exposition Universelle of 1889 was a Worlds Fair held in Paris, France from 6 May to 31 October 1889. It was held during the year of the 100th anniversary of the storming of the Bastille, an event traditionally considered as the symbol for the beginning of the French Revolution. The fair included a reconstruction of the Bastille and its surrounding neighborhood, but with the interior courtyard covered with a blue ceiling decorated with fleur-de-lys and used as a ball room and gathering place. [1] The 1889 Exposition covered a total area of 0. 6 km? , including the Champ de Mars, the Trocadero, the quai dOrsay, a part of the Seine and the Invalides esplanade. Transport around the Exposition was partly provided by a 3 kilometre (1. 9 mi) 600 millimetre (2 ft 0 in) gauge railway by Decauville. It was claimed that the railway carried 6,342,446 visitors in just six months of operation. Some of the locomotives used on this line later saw service on the Chemins de Fer du Calvados. [2] C ontents [hide] †¢1 Structures †¢2 Attractions †¢3 Statistics †¢4 Gallery †¢5 See also †¢6 References 7 Resources †¢8 External links Structures[edit source | editbeta] The main symbol of the Fair was the Eiffel Tower, which was completed in 1889, and served as the entrance arch to the Fair. The tower was constructed of wrought iron and was designed by Gustave Eiffel. The 1889 fair was built on the Champ de Mars in Paris, which had been the site of the earlier Paris Universal Exhibition of 1867, and would be the site of the 1900 exposition as well. The fair marked the first time that visitors were allowed to go onto the yet unfinished Eiffel Tower.Though not yet completed, exhibition attendees were allowed to walk up to the second floor platform. [3] Workers had worked through the night the day before the exhibition opened to complete the necessary construction needed to safely allow patrons to set foot upon the structure. When speaking of the dedica ted workers, M. Salles, the son-in-law of Mr. Eiffel made the statement that no soldier on the battle field deserved better mention than these humble toilers, who, will never go down in history. No one other than construction personnel were allowed higher than the second floor platform. [3] An equally significant building constructed for the fair was theGalerie des machines, designed by architect Ferdinand Dutert and engineer Victor Contamin. It was reused at the exposition of 1900 and then destroyed in 1910. At 111 meters, the Galerie (or Machinery Hall) spanned the longest interior space in the world at the time, using a system of hinged arches (like a series of bridge spans placed not end-to-end but parallel) made of steel or iron.The choice of construction material is controversial; the building was designed to be built with steel but was actually constructed in iron. Aerial photo of the Exposition Universelle in 1889, central in the picture is the entrance arch known as the Eif fel Tower Volume 10 of Studies in the History of Civil Engineering: Structural Iron and Steel 1850-1900 (published by Ashgate Publishing Limited and edited by Robert Thorne in 2000), includes an article by John W. Stamper, The Galerie des Machines of the 1889 Paris world’s fair.In it, Stamper claims that The principal material of the building’s structure was to have been steel, but the decision was made at the last minute to use iron instead. There is considerable confusion about this on the part of architectural historians, most of whom assume it was built of steel since that is what is mentioned by contemporary journalists before the opening of the fair. William Watson, an American engineer who wrote a thorough report on the fair after it closed states that the idea of using steel was abandoned â€Å"on the two-fold ground of expense and the necessity of hastening the execution of work. The price of iron was about two-thirds that of steel in 1889†¦. There is an extensive and elaborate description of the Expositions two famous buildings in the British journal Engineering (3 May 1889 issue) with illustrations. A follow-up report appears in the 14 June issue of Engineering with this summation: the exhibition will be famous for four distinctive features. In the first place, for its buildings, especially the Eiffel tower and the Machinery Hall; in he second place, for its Colonial Exhibition, which for the first time brings vividly to the appreciation of the Frenchmen that they are masters of lands beyond the sea; thirdly, it will be remembered for its great collection of war material, the most absorbing subject now-a-days, unfortunately, to governments if not to individuals; and fourthly, it will be remembered, and with good cause by many, for the extraordinary manner in which South American countries are represented. (p. 677) The 28 June issue of Engineering also mentions a remarkable Great Model of the Earth created by Theodore Villard and Charles Cotard.There were unseasonal thunderstorms in Paris during that summer of 1889, causing some distress to the canopies and decoration of the exposition, as reported by the Engineering issues at that time. The Exhibition included a building by the Paris architect Pierre-Henri Picq. This was an elaborate iron and glass structure decorated with ceramic tiles in a Byzantine-Egyptian-Romanesque style. After the Exposition the building was shipped to Fort de France and reassembled there, the work being completed by 1893. Known as the Schoelcher Library, initially it contained the 10,000 books thatVictor Schoelcher had donated to the island.Today it houses over 250,000 books and an ethnographic museum, and stands as a tribute to the man it is named after who led the movement to abolish slavery in Martinique. Attractions[edit source | editbeta] Plan of the fair A Negro village (village negre) where 400 people were displayed constituted the major attraction. [4] Matching closely the opening day of the Exposition, the Opera Comique premiered on 14 May 1889 with a work specially composed for that event: Jules Massenets Esclarmonde (debuting American soprano Sybil Sanderson), attracting and entertaining crowds of visitors for the more than 50 evenings the Exposition lasted.At the Exposition, the French composer Claude Debussy first heard Javanese gamelan music, performed by an ensemble from Java. This influenced some of his later compositions. William Stroudley, locomotive superintendent of the London, Brighton and South Coast Railwaydied whilst at the exhibition, where he was exhibiting one of his locomotives. Heineken received the Grand Prix (English: Grand Prize) at the exposition. Buffalo Bill recruited American sharpshooter Annie Oakley to rejoin his Wild West Show which performed for packed audiences throughout the Exposition.Other prominent visitors included the Prince of Wales (the future King Edward VII) and his wife, Princess Alexandra; artistsJames McNe ill Whistler, Edvard Munch, Rosa Bonheur, Paul Gauguin and Vincent van Gogh; U. S. journalist and diplomat Whitelaw Reid; author Henry James; Filipino patriot Jose Rizal; and inventor Thomas Edison A central attraction in the French section was the Imperial Diamond, at the time the largest brilliant in the world. [5] Statistics[edit source | editbeta] †¢Expenses: 41,500,000 Francs †¢Receipts: 49,500,000 Francs †¢Visitors: 32,250,297 †¢Exhibitors: over 61,722, of which 55% were French Gallery

Battle Of Britain During World War Ii Essays -

Battle Of Britain During World War Ii Battle of Britain Director: Guy Hamilton Screenwriter: Wilfred Greatorex and James Kennaway Film Genre: War Cast: Harry Andrews, Michael Caine, Trevor Howard This film is about the Battle of Britain during World War II. It happened in 1940. This movie was made 29 years later in 1969. The Nazis tried to invade Britain. The Royal Air Force of Britain fought a grave battle against the Nazis to prevent the invasion. Most of the fighting was in the air. There were lots of fighting scenes between the German planes and the RAF and their allies. This film is pretty realistic. I thought that the air battles were pretty realistic. For a film that was made in 1969, the special effects of the planes and the fight scenes were pretty fast-paced and accurate. The fight scenes seem more modern as far as special effects than what I would expect from a movie made in 1969. The planes were just like the ones that were actually used. As far as I know, this film accurately portrays the Battle of Britain. It was historically accurate in the story that it told. It portrayed the Battle as a very important one. It was one of life and death. It was one that could have changed the outcome of the war and possibly altered history as we know it. The film showed how the RAF and its allies fought bravely and gallantly. I liked how it portrayed the pilots as weary and tired from all the fighting. Hitler was very close to victory. The RAF was drained and worn out. They had been fighting for a while with little rest. They were constantly in battle. It was not looking good for the British. All Hitler would have had to do was to keep pounding on them. The Germans had more pilots. The RAF was running out of pilots. The Germans should have bombed the radars and airfields. At first the Germans stayed away from bombing the big cities. Hitler still wanted to bring Churchill to the conference table. He also wanted to avert retaliation against cities in Germany. In the movie, one of the German leaders said that they would attack London because the British had attacked Berlin. I am not sure whether that is a true reason or not. The viewers opinions that were included in a handout from a web page were all pretty similar. Most of them liked the fighting scenes with the planes. They liked the authenticity of the planes. But most of them also found the non-battle scenes to be dull and uninteresting. I agree with this view. I thought that the movie was hard to follow. I could not tell the difference between the planes and I did not know who was getting killed. I did not know any of the characters. I liked the fight scenes, but otherwise I did not enjoy this movie. Mrs. Miniver Director: William Wyler Screenwriter: George Froeschel and James Hilton Film Genre: Drama/War Cast: Greer Carson, Richard Ney, Teresa Wright, Walter Pidgeon This was another movie that dealt with the Battle of Britain. It followed the life of the Miniver family during the days leading up to and after the Battle of Britain during World War II. This family was a pretty well off English family. They had a son that had just graduated from Oxford and two other kids. The son joins the RAF. He then gets married to Carol Beldon. Carol was worried about how long she would get to spend with her new husband. She braced herself for his death. In the end, though, she was the one who was shot. I thought that some parts of the film were realistic and others were not. I did not think that the Miniver family was a typical family. They were kind of like a Leave it to Beaver family in that they seemed to all be saints and always did the right thing. That part of the movie was unrealistic. I think that another unrealistic part was the ages between the mother and the son. Greer Carson was 34 when the film was made and her son, Richard Ney, was 24. She looked much too young to be

Free Essays on The Unknown Citizen

â€Å"The Unknown Citizen† W. H. Auden’s poem entitled â€Å"The Unknown Citizen† is a portrayal of a conflict between individualism and government control. â€Å"The Unknown Citizen† is a government’s view of the perfect modern man in an unrealistic society. In â€Å"The Unknown Citizen† the government has manipulated human intelligence to the point that they have control over everyone’s lives and minds. The motive behind the portrayal of an equal society is that it will eliminate hatred, envy and war. While this proves true, the numerous side effects such as loss of identity, lack of originality, and loss of personal feelings develop. The satiric society depicted in â€Å"The Unknown Citizen† is the authors attempt to ridicule a political system that tends to depersonalize its citizens and constantly strives to create equality. The attempt to create an equal society to the extreme makes many governments more like a dictatorship or communist system rather than a democracy. The society portrayed in the poem takes the notion of perfection and equality to the extreme. In the poem Auden uses sarcasm to express an obsessive and mindless state that only knows its citizens by numbers and letters, and evaluates their worth with statistics. The ideal citizen is supposed to be â€Å"One against whom there was no official complaint [and] in everything he did he served the community†(5). The idea that a perfect modern man is not meant to have any complaints and to serve the community, suggests that the state requires it’s citizens to work for the benefit of the state, not the individual. The fact that no thing should be questioned shows the obedience to the state that is needed to maintain the utopian society that the poem discusses. During the time period that â€Å"The Unknown Citizen† was written, in the late 1930’s, Americans were issued Social Security cards (similar to Canadian Social Insurance Numbers), each with a personalized ... Free Essays on The Unknown Citizen Free Essays on The Unknown Citizen â€Å"The Unknown Citizen† W. H. Auden’s poem entitled â€Å"The Unknown Citizen† is a portrayal of a conflict between individualism and government control. â€Å"The Unknown Citizen† is a government’s view of the perfect modern man in an unrealistic society. In â€Å"The Unknown Citizen† the government has manipulated human intelligence to the point that they have control over everyone’s lives and minds. The motive behind the portrayal of an equal society is that it will eliminate hatred, envy and war. While this proves true, the numerous side effects such as loss of identity, lack of originality, and loss of personal feelings develop. The satiric society depicted in â€Å"The Unknown Citizen† is the authors attempt to ridicule a political system that tends to depersonalize its citizens and constantly strives to create equality. The attempt to create an equal society to the extreme makes many governments more like a dictatorship or communist system rather than a democracy. The society portrayed in the poem takes the notion of perfection and equality to the extreme. In the poem Auden uses sarcasm to express an obsessive and mindless state that only knows its citizens by numbers and letters, and evaluates their worth with statistics. The ideal citizen is supposed to be â€Å"One against whom there was no official complaint [and] in everything he did he served the community†(5). The idea that a perfect modern man is not meant to have any complaints and to serve the community, suggests that the state requires it’s citizens to work for the benefit of the state, not the individual. The fact that no thing should be questioned shows the obedience to the state that is needed to maintain the utopian society that the poem discusses. During the time period that â€Å"The Unknown Citizen† was written, in the late 1930’s, Americans were issued Social Security cards (similar to Canadian Social Insurance Numbers), each with a personalized ...

Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle - Essay Example In addition, when one realizes that Aristotle is attempting to inculcate good habits in people, along with a good state of character, a better context is drawn around his claims. That is, if one acts generally toward a mean of two vices, this will lead to a better outcome than acting toward vices. In modern terms, in which morality is cast as a matter of doing the right thing in various sorts of specific cases, this seems like an outdated model of conducting moral arguments. To the contrary, this idea of virtue as a mean—instead of virtue as right action—faces fewer destructive arguments than the latter perspective and is ultimately easier to defend philosophically. From an intuitive standpoint, Aristotle’s approach is appealing. Firstly, in our daily living, a moral action is one that depends on balance between two extremes. For example, the ideal middle ground between running into a burning building to saving people (stupidity) and doing nothing out of fear (cowardice) is the act of doing what you can reasonably do in order to save lives (bravery). Secondly, the mean is intuitive in itself in all cases. Our language is broad enough to encompass all possible middle grounds between vices that we might consider excesses. Language, insofar as it guides us to a means, is constructive in determining our moral code. For example, a speaker of the English language knows what it means to be starving and gluttonous, that these are extremes, and that satiation is the mean between them. Aristotle defines a virtue as a state of character in Book II, Chapter 6 of the Nicomachean Ethics, which prompts a treatment of virtue as a mean.