Cadmium And Sewage Sludge :: essays research papers

Cadmium and sewage sludge This essay concentrates on the heavy metal cadmium, and its occurrence in the environment, its pathways into and out of the human body and its movement into and out of Sewage sludge. Firstly, I will provide a clear definition of the Heavy Metal Cadmium. What is Cadmium? Cadmium is a naturally occurring element in the earth’s crust. Pure cadmium is a soft silver-white metal, but this form is not common in the environment. Rather, cadmium is most often encountered in combination with other elements such as oxygen (cadmium oxide), chlorine (cadmium chloride), or sulphur (cadmium sulphide). These compounds are all stable solids that do not evaporate, although cadmium oxide is often found as part of small particles present in air.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most cadmium is obtained as a by-product from the smelting of zinc, lead or copper ores. Cadmium has a number of industrial applications, but it is used mostly in metal plating, pigments, batteries, and plastics. Cadmium in the Environment Small quantities of cadmium occur naturally in air, water, soil and food. For most people, food is the primary source of cadmium exposure, since food materials tend to take up and retain cadmium. For example, plants take up cadmium from soil; fish take up cadmium from water, and so on. It is introduced into the environment from mining and smelting operations. Other cadmium emissions are from fossil fuel use, fertilizer application, sewage sludge disposal or galvanized pie corrosion. The largest source of these cadmium releases into the general environment is the burning of fossil fuels (such as coal or oil) or the incineration of waste materials. Cadmium may also escape into the air from zinc, lead or copper smelters. Working in or living close to a major source of airborne emissions such as these may result in higher than average exposure. Pathways into the human body Food and Drink   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cadmium can enter the blood by absorption from the stomach or intestines after ingestion of food or water. The amount of Cadmium ingested by an individual within a population can differ greatly due to dietary habits. For example, an individual who consumes a large amount of brown crabmeat or vegetables grown on land which is fertilised with sewage sludge are likely to have intakes of cadmium significantly above the average population level.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Only a small percentage of cadmium ingested with the food intake is absorbed, approximately 6%. However there are many factors, which can affect this figure, namely, physiological, such as age and the content of the diet.

Square proposal

Rusk's Tasting Subject: Proposal to write a research paper on the impact of business communication problems of the employer's and the employees of Square Pharmacy along with a unique vision, higher mission and a goal orientation of that company Introduction The pharmaceutical industry in Bangladesh is the most developed technical regions within our financial system. This industry manufactures almost firebrands of medicines and they follow different forms for different medicines. This sector is providing 97% of the total medicine requisite of the local market.With the aim to expand into the export market, leading pharmaceutical companies are escalating their business. Square Pharmaceuticals Limited, the flagship company of Square Group, is holding the strong leadership position in the pharmaceutical industry of Bangladesh since 1985 and is now on its way to becoming a high performance global player. It is a trusted name in the industry of manufacturing quality medicines for more than four decade. SQUARE today symbolizes a name – a state of mind. It has today burgeoned into one of the top line conglomerates in Bangladesh.Certain reports suggests that Square is the FIRST to manufacture and market Modernization, Inclining and Catecholamine after the expiry of patents to export antibiotics and other ethical drugs overseas. O develop sustained release technology locally. To achieve an all-time industry high record sales turnover of US$ 25 million. To locally Decisional sodium in the chemical division. In addition to these Firsts, SQUARE Pharmaceuticals Limited (SSP) was always ahead in introducing new products in the market.Their sales turnover was more than Take 1 1. 46 Billion (IIS$ 163. 71 million) with about 16. 43% market share (April 2009- March 2010) having a growth rate of about 16. 72%. The major problem they are facing is communication problem between employees and employers within Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd. This problem has aroused because of not m aintaining a formal relationship between the employer and the employees. A well-managed business organization normally considers the employees as the vital foundation of efficiency gains.As it is a large organization so most of the times it has been seen that the top level employer gives orders to the lower level employees but they do not do their work and as they maintain a friendly relationship those top level managers cannot take adequate steps against them. Maintaining a friendly relationship within an organization is not a bad thing but sometimes the top level employers should behave in a formal way in order to make the employees work alongside the rules and obligations of the company's respected managers and employers.If this problem can be solved then they will give their best performance to enhance the organization. So basically we want to specialize in the communication problems regarding the employers and employees internally. Effective communication occurs only if the rec eiver understands the exact information or idea that the sender intended to transmit. Many of the problems that occur in an organization are the direct result of people failing to communicate. Therefore, we want to figure out the main problem in maintaining the formal relationship of this company's employers and employees within the organization.We want to do an in-depth analysis in order to figure out the communication problems and to find out their rational solutions. Every organization has a unique vision, a higher mission and a goal oriented with that company. We want to know the vision, mission and goals of this pharmaceutical. 2 Research Questions Does Square Pharmaceuticals have a business communication problem? If yes, then what type of business communication problems do they have? What are the reasons behind these communication problems? What are the impacts on that organization because of those communication problems?How can these problems be solved? What are the actions t hey are taking in order to solve those problems? Is there any possibility to ever solve those communication problems? If the problem be solved, what types of benefit will the organization get? Hypothesis The following hypotheses are developed for the study:HA : Technological changes may dad to communication problems. H2O: SAP software maybe more difficult to use than unfriendly to technological changes leading to communication problems. HA: The grapevine may break the hierarchy of information flow.HA: There maybe communication problems regarding changes in compensation and benefited structure. HA: There maybe communication problems regarding performance appraisal strategies. HA: Cultural differences may also cause difficulties in non-verbal communications, causing mixed messages. HA: Leaked confidential information creates a liability issue and may causes communication problem. HA: Communication problems may occurs due to employees who fail to listen or who don't know how to activel y listen to their colleagues.HI O: Negative and indifference attitudes amongst the employers and employees creates communication problems. 3 Research Methodology For our primary data we will survey on the employer and the employees of Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Through a questionnaire to find out their perception regarding this business communication problem and how it can be solved. Also we will interview one of the employers of that organization to know his/her opinion about hose problems and what actions should be taken in order to solve these matters.The secondary data of this report are collected from Square Pharmaceuticals and some other reports such as some well reputed newspapers articles; Daily Star, Dacha Tribune, then Journals and through browsing the internet. Organization Our research paper will follow the general format of a research paper with the main sections such as Introduction, Literature review, Methodology, Limitations, Data Analysis, Findings/Results of the r esearch, Discussion and Conclusion, References.Hence, the organization of this paper will be directed by the research questions which would be answered in the above mentioned main sections. Timetable We intend to follow the subsequent time schedule presented in the class in order to accomplish our research paper timely: June 24 : Final draft of the research proposal August 12: Submission of the research paper Request for Approval the valuable suggestions and instructions from you that will lead us towards our research about the silent killer: business communication problems of Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd. 4

Perceptions in An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge and The...

Perceptions in An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge and The Story of an Hour In An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge and The Story of an Hour, the authors use similar techniques to create different tones, which in turn illicit very distinct reactions from the reader. Both use a third person narrator with a limited omniscient point of view to tell of a brief, yet significant period of time. In An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge, Bierce uses this method to create an analytical tone to tell the story of Farquhars experience just before death. In The Story of an Hour, Chopin uses this method to create an involved, sympathetic tone to relay the story of Mrs. Mallards experience just before death. These stories can be compared on†¦show more content†¦This creates a suspenseful journey that seems to see him freed from his noose and carried almost home to the loving arms of his wife. As these thoughts, which have here to be set down in words, were flashed into the doomed mans brain rather than evolved from it†¦ (paragraph 7). This period of time in w hich we follow along in our minds seems to last through the day. In the end we find that the time was only in Farquhars head and was really only the last few seconds of his life as he saw it before the rope broke his neck. However, the hanging is not the most significant part of the story because Bierces third person narrator remains focused on the details of the perceived passing of the time rather than the action. Although the hanging is an action necessary to Farquhars experience, it remains in the shadows of the story, as we believe he escapes death and are drawn into his head to struggle with him towards home and freedom. This point of view entices the reader more deeply into the episode than would a less knowing point of view. Bierce plays a mind game with the reader that explores an impossible reality. Although it is not conceivable to be inside someones head to experience his or her thoughts, Bierces narrator does a commendable job of creating a fictional, yet believable example of this impossibility. Bierces method allows the reader to become deeply intimate with the details of the profound occurrence of Farquhars death. He creates aShow MoreRelatedAn Occurrence At Owl Creek Bridge By Ambrose Bierce1283 Words   |  6 Pages 1. â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge† by Ambrose Bierce Theme: Time can be the perception of each person at each different event in their life In this story one of the key factors is time and how Farquhar sees it.While mere seconds for the soldiers can be hours for the man about to be hanged, time is perceived to be different for each individual, â€Å"Its recurrence was regular, but as slow as the tolling of a death knell.† The idea that time can feel slower at one point and faster at anotherRead MoreAn Occurrence At Owl Creek Bridge By Ambrose Bierce1283 Words   |  6 Pages 1. â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge† by Ambrose Bierce Theme: Time can be the perception of each person at each different event in their life In this story one of the key factors is time and how Farquhar sees it.While mere seconds for the soldiers can be hours for the man about to be hanged, time is perceived to be different for each individual, â€Å"Its recurrence was regular, but as slow as the tolling of a death knell.† The idea that time can feel slower at one point and faster at another throwsRead MoreAn Occurrence At Owl Creek Bridge1338 Words   |  6 PagesBierce’s short story, â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge,† illustrates a theme of illusion versus reality distorted by the human mind. In the story, a man named Peyton Farquhar is about to be hanged on a railroad bridge towards the end of the American Civil War. Farquhar, a Confederate citizen eager to help the Confederate States of America’s cause, ventures out towards Owl Creek Bridge at the advice of a Union scout in disguise. Unbeknownst to Farquhar, Union troops captured the bridge and surroundingRead MoreRealism Unit Test2 466 Words   |  10 PagesRealism – Unit Test 1. Which of the following quotations from An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge reveals an objective point of view? A He was a captain. B He closed his eyes in order to fix his last thoughts upon his wife and children. C His whole body was racked and wrenched with an insupportable anguish! D He had not known that he lived in so wild a region. 2. Why does the author describeRead MoreLiterary Themes Of William Shakespeare s An Occurrence At Owl Creek Bridge Essay2276 Words   |  10 Pagesclassic stories that give the public not only a form of art but also ways to dissect the story and gain a better understanding of the author s intent. Literary themes allow us to explore meanings deeper than the surface level. Imagery is the author s use of wording that allows the reader to experience everything mentally as they read. This is not limited to sight, but all five of the senses. Without such graphic presentations of the scenes, the reader is not as easily drawn in to the story. As

The French Past Perfect (Pluperfect) Le Plus-Que-Parfait

The French past perfect, or pluperfect—known in French as le plus-que-parfait—is used to indicate an action in the past that occurred before another action in the past. The latter use can be either mentioned in the same sentence or implied. Le Plus-Que-Parfait The  plus†que†parfait  is the compound form of the  imparfait  (imperfect)  and is formed by using the imperfect of the appropriate helping verb,  avoir  or  Ãƒ ªtre (have or be)  and the  participe  passà ©Ã‚  (past participle) of the verb. Its English equivalent is â€Å"had† and the past participle. The table provides some example; for clarity, the prior action is listed in parentheses in some cases. French Pluperfect English Translation Il navait pas mang (avant de faire ses devoirs). He hadnt eaten (before doing his homework). Jai fait du shopping ce matin. Javais dj fait la lessive. I went shopping this morning. I had already done the laundry. Jtais dj sorti (quand tu as tlphon). I had already left (when you called). Nous voulions te parler parce que nous ne tavions pas vu hier. We wanted to talk to you because we didnt see you yesterday. Expressing Hypotheticals The pluperfect is also used in si clauses to express a hypothetical situation in the past contrary to what actually happened.  Si  clauses or conditionals produce conditional sentences, with one clause stating a condition or possibility and a second clause naming a result produced by that condition. In English, such sentences are called if/then constructions. The French  si  means if in English. There is no equivalent for then per se in  French conditional sentences. French Pluperfect With Si Clause English Translation Si tu mavais demand, jaurais rpondu. If you had asked me, I would have answered. Nous y serions alls si nous avions su. We would have gone if we had known. Other  Plus-Que-Parfait Information The French past perfect is a  compound conjugation, which means it has two parts: Imperfect  of the  auxiliary verb  (either  avoir  or  Ãƒ ªtre)Past participle  of the main verb Like all French compound conjugations, the past perfect may be subject to  grammatical  agreement, as follows: When the auxiliary verb is  Ãƒ ªtre, the past participle must agree with the subject.When the auxiliary verb is  avoir, the past participle may have to agree with its direct object. French Past Perfect Conjugations Conjugating the French  le plus-que-parfait  (the past perfect or pluperfect) requires knowing when to use  avoir,  Ãƒ ªtre, or a  pronominal, as the table demonstrates for the verbs  aimer  (to love),  devenir  (to become), and  lavar  (to wash). Aimer (auxiliary verb is avoir) j avais aim tu avais aim il,elle avait aim nous avions aim vous aviez aim ils,elles avaient aim Devenir (tre verb) j tais devenu(e) tu tais devenu(e) il tait devenu nous tions devenu(e)s vous tiez devenu(e)(s) ils taient devenus elle tait devenue elles taient devenues Se Laver (pronominal verb) je mtais lav(e) tu ttais lav(e) il stait lav ils staient lavs nous nous tions lav(e)s vous vous tiez lav(e)(s) elle stait lave elles staient laves French  pronominal verbs are accompanied by the reflexive pronoun  se  or  s  preceding the infinitive, hence  the grammatical term pronominal, which means relating to a pronoun. All conjugated  verbs, with the exception of the  imperative  form, require a  subject pronoun.

Essay about Unit 4 P1 - 2506 Words

Emotional development- Young infants probably do not have a sense of being an individual. Attachment has been defined as an affectional bond that endures across space and time. There would most likely be a psychological response; you would feel surprised and somewhat pleased to see your mom. Infants who are securely attached have successfully developed what Erikson referred to as trust. Social development- Infants soon recongnise their mothers voice and smell. Social referencing is the term for the way that infants take their cues from others in deciding what emotions and actions are appropriate. How do infants learn to be afraid of something? One way is their own experience, but that experience is very limited. A second way is by†¦show more content†¦Social: At this stage of life, Adolescences communicate socially by using social network sites or by mobile phones and other gadgets as technology is increasing rapidly. They become more involved in group activities and plan on going out and have a good time. Predictable * Starting secondary school, carrying on with further education such as A-levels, university * Starting work- going into full/part time job when you are legally able to work * Puberty changes which occur during the ages 10-18 Un-Predictable * Bereavement * Crime- being involved in a crime you unintentionally/intentionally cause * Convictions * Teenage pregnancy- not using birth control if you are having sex, most are likely to become pregnant Development norms and milestones for adolescence (10-18 years) During the life stage of adolescence, it is a time of many physical, mental, emotional, and social changes. Hormones change and puberty begins. Boys grow facial hair and go through wet dreams and erections. Girls begin to grow hair under their arms and other areas, breasts start to grow and the menstrual cycle begins. Being worried about how their body looks is normal for every teenager, but they learn to adapt to their bodies as they are going through a change. Many teenagers might face peer pressure to use alcohol, smoking, drugs and to have sex. Other challenges which may occur can be eating disorders,Show MoreRelatedUnit 4 P1 and M11181 Words   |  5 PagesUnit 4 Task 1 I have selected ‘Sainsbury’s’ as my organisation and I will explain the types of information used in my organisation. The following are: * Verbal * Written * On-Screen * Multi-Media * Web based Verbal Face-to-face verbal communication is the best way to communicate. There is less chance for misunderstanding and it allows for verbal and nonverbal messages. However with the restrictions of time and budgets in business it is not always possible to meet in personRead MoreUnit 4 P1 M1 Essay2780 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿Unit 4: business communication P1: Describe the types of information used in your organisation, choosing one from each of the following categories: verbal, written, on-screen, multimedia, web based. The organisation I have chosen to write about is the NHS, this is a government organisation which is funded by taxation and enables all UK residents to be entitled to free healthcare. Verbal Communicating information verbally by speaking face to face can be the best way of communicating as there is lessRead MoreBtec Business Unit 4 P11348 Words   |  6 PagesWilberforce may use this to try to get a sponsor to sponsor them from different countries around the world, They may send a virtual video or even a PowerPoint trying to sell themselves to the target audience Name: Tom Hall Task 1; Unit 4 Sources of information: Internal.... Financial †¢ Usually in great detail, relates towards a company performance. Finance could be the costs of running the business. Wilberforce would use finance in a day to day basis, they may use it toRead MoreUnit 4 Promoting Health Education P12692 Words   |  11 Pagesshy of strangers. at about 2 years, they will show jealousy with peers and siblings, they will not be able to control their emotions. At the age of 3 they will start to control their emotions better and not as jealous of other children. Childhood 4-9 years At this stage Michael become much better at controlling their emotions. They will learn how to express their emotions differently in different situations. Children will mostly depend on their carers and family. As children grow older they willRead MoreP1 Unit 4 Health and Social Level 32020 Words   |  9 Pagesfrom delayed development. Emotional and social development in a child will change a huge amount due to their change in their daily routine when they going into education and they aren’t around their family as they are used to within infancy. From age 4-9 years old is the first social learning of social development in a child. From a young age, young children are emotionally attached and dependent on their care givers. The change within the introduction of school and social environments can be a struggleRead MoreReliability And Availability Evaluation Of A System Switched1625 Words   |  7 PagesRELIABILITY AND AVAILABILITY EVALUATION OF A SYSTEM SWITCHED TO ANOTHER S IMILAR, SUBSTITUTE OR DUPLICATE SYSTEM ON TOTAL FAILURE ABSTRACT A two-unit standby system is considered with two types of repair facilities. One facility repairs one unit at a time and other facility repairs both the units simultaneously. When both the units fail, if unit can be repair in short time then repair will be continued, otherwise in order to improve availability another substitute system taken from outside is usedRead MoreProfessor1037 Words   |  5 Pagespoints on the demand curve, (QD1 , P1 ) and (QD2 , P2 ) . We use the midpoint formula, so: QD2 − QD1 ⎛ QD2 âŽÅ" âŽÅ" PED = ⎠ P2 ⎛ P2 âŽÅ" ⎠ + QD1 ⎞ ⎟ ⎟ 2 ⎠  − P1 + P1 ⎞ ⎟ 2 ⎠  Once we have calculated the PED between two points on the demand curve, we can say if demand between those points is â€Å"elastic,† â€Å"inelastic† or â€Å"unit elastic†: †¢ †¢ †¢ Demand is â€Å"elastic† at a certain point if PED -1 Demand is â€Å"inelastic† at a certain point if 0 PED -1 Demand is â€Å"unit elastic† at a certain point if PED =Read MoreResearch: Scientific Method and Social Care1464 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment front sheet Qualification Unit number and title BTEC L3 : Health and social care Year 1 Unit 22: Research Methodology for Health and Social Care Learner name Assessor name Nadia Anderson, Shauna Silvera Date issued Deadline Submitted on September 2013 (Individual issue dates set throughout the year) July 2014 (Individual deadline dates set throughout the year) Assignment title Research Methodology for Health and Social Care In this assessment you will have opportunities to provideRead MoreEssay on Micro Economic Imperfect Market694 Words   |  3 Pagesinvestment is made, marginal cost will be reduced to $4. Firm Y has no access to this, or any other cost-saving technology, and its marginal cost will remain at $10. Is it worthwhile for firm X to implement this technology or not? Prove your answer. 2. A monopolist sells in two markets. The demand curve for the monopolist’s product is x1=a1-b1P1 in market 1 and x2=a2-b2P2 in market 2, where x1 and x2 are the quantities sold in each market, and P1 and P2 are the prices charged in each market. TheRead MoreAvailability Improvement For Single Unit System With Two Types Of Repair Facilities1233 Words   |  5 PagesAVAILABILITY IMPROVEMENT IN SINGLE UNIT SYSTEM WITH TWO TYPES OF REPAIR FACILITIES Gurvindar Kaur and pooja vinodiya School of Studies in Statistics Vikram University Ujjain (M.P.) Email:gkbhatti2289@gmail.com ABSTRACT This study deals with the reliability, availability, and busy period characteristics of single unit system. On failure of the system, if system can be repaired in short time then repair will be continued, otherwise in order to improve availability another substitute system taken from

Fryderyk Chopin Romanticism in Music free essay sample

From the very beginning, It Is clear as to why this music Is Romantic. The quiet sextuplets underneath a very distinguishable melody, along with dramatic rulings and failings allow the listener to recognize the Romantic qualities. But there are other things that give It away. The extended range of the Plano that was Introduced during this time period is brought out in several spots, especially in m. 4, where a addenda in the right hand is raised an octave. Also, the way the right and left hands are aligned, the melody sounds stretched, as if it is solely an interpretation by the performer. While this piece and many works are heavily influenced by ones interpretation, emphasis on the middle beats of the sextuplets make them sound as if they are on the downbeat, thus making the melody sound stretched, at least to a listener with no exposure to this piece.While earlier piano pieces from the Classical period may use the left hand as purely accompaniment, this uses the left hand for lour, and allows the right hand to seem more lenient with the rhythms. We will write a custom essay sample on Fryderyk Chopin: Romanticism in Music or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This, along with the variety of note-values and groupings, give the right hand the ability to sounds Like a time-governed cadenza. The Ideas of Romanticism are heavily emphasized by Chopping musical creations. It is quite obvious that this Nocturne, along with the majority of Chopping other works, carries a strophic form.The theme is repeated and built upon, though it is never more than a few measures long before moving on to the next motive. The book even states that the A theme unfolds unpredictably through constant variation. In a less touchy-feely sort of way, the phonetic aspects of the piece contribute to the tension and calmness involved in the story of the Nocturne. As mentioned above, the sense of rhythmic duress is nothing more than a piece of the puzzle that helps make the Nocturne a piece of Romantic.The syntax of the evolving theme help create the semantics, or the senses, that Chopin hoped to achieve. While the unraveling Is somewhat unpredictable, the entire point of this Nocturne Is to allow the listener to experience the character; the semantics of the piece. Without a doubt, a listener that s able to appreciate music, even at a very basic level, should have an idea as to what the composer was trying to achieve. A listener may feel calm, tranquil, or stress-free, even as the climax of the B section takes place.The ideas discussed in class of what Romanticism is (return to nature, emphasis on feelings, rediscovery of the past) all fit into ones ability to relate to the music: a key factor in Romantic ideology. The ability for one to put their own story to a Romantic piece of work is one of the beautiful things about this time period. Since the requirements for this paper were for me to sky questions, I decided to ask myself a question as to what I felt or thought of when hearing it. So, here goes. The story is something that I cherish has happened very recently.The beginning represents a love, something I shared over the summer with someone. I couldnt help but feel a constant longing to be with them, let alone be away and not think about them at all times of the day. Life was pleasant to say the least. But, things didnt work out the way I thought they would. My feelings werent before returning to school so I wouldnt have to feel the pain as much and start the master off poorly. This would represent the A and B sections. The repetition of A has not happened quite yet. I am saving that for the final love.The one that lasts up until the day I die a peaceful death, which is represented by the ending. The story is not something that Im good at describing in words, at least on paper. I typically dont have an issue letting my feelings come out with close friends or with someone a bit more significant. But this piece constantly reminds me of how I feel, what Im capable of feeling, and ultimately, what I want out of life. Every person who listens to this piece can ultimately put a story of their own into the context.I cant help but feel connection of energy and my soul to this piece, which I feel is the absolute goal of Chopin and other Romantic composers. Perhaps not to connect other people with their music, but to connect other people with themselves, the composers. Chopping contribution to the evolution of music is made clear by the incredible use of language that do more than tell a story. The language speaks feelings into a listener more than anything from the previous era could do.

Universal Exposition 1889 Essay Example

Universal Exposition 1889 Paper The Exposition Universelle of 1889 was a Worlds Fair held in Paris, France from 6 May to 31 October 1889. It was held during the year of the 100th anniversary of the storming of the Bastille, an event traditionally considered as the symbol for the beginning of the French Revolution. The fair included a reconstruction of the Bastille and its surrounding neighborhood, but with the interior courtyard covered with a blue ceiling decorated with fleur-de-lys and used as a ball room and gathering place. [1] The 1889 Exposition covered a total area of 0. 6 km? , including the Champ de Mars, the Trocadero, the quai dOrsay, a part of the Seine and the Invalides esplanade. Transport around the Exposition was partly provided by a 3 kilometre (1. 9 mi) 600 millimetre (2 ft 0 in) gauge railway by Decauville. It was claimed that the railway carried 6,342,446 visitors in just six months of operation. Some of the locomotives used on this line later saw service on the Chemins de Fer du Calvados. [2] C ontents [hide] †¢1 Structures †¢2 Attractions †¢3 Statistics †¢4 Gallery †¢5 See also †¢6 References 7 Resources †¢8 External links Structures[edit source | editbeta] The main symbol of the Fair was the Eiffel Tower, which was completed in 1889, and served as the entrance arch to the Fair. The tower was constructed of wrought iron and was designed by Gustave Eiffel. The 1889 fair was built on the Champ de Mars in Paris, which had been the site of the earlier Paris Universal Exhibition of 1867, and would be the site of the 1900 exposition as well. The fair marked the first time that visitors were allowed to go onto the yet unfinished Eiffel Tower.Though not yet completed, exhibition attendees were allowed to walk up to the second floor platform. [3] Workers had worked through the night the day before the exhibition opened to complete the necessary construction needed to safely allow patrons to set foot upon the structure. When speaking of the dedica ted workers, M. Salles, the son-in-law of Mr. Eiffel made the statement that no soldier on the battle field deserved better mention than these humble toilers, who, will never go down in history. No one other than construction personnel were allowed higher than the second floor platform. [3] An equally significant building constructed for the fair was theGalerie des machines, designed by architect Ferdinand Dutert and engineer Victor Contamin. It was reused at the exposition of 1900 and then destroyed in 1910. At 111 meters, the Galerie (or Machinery Hall) spanned the longest interior space in the world at the time, using a system of hinged arches (like a series of bridge spans placed not end-to-end but parallel) made of steel or iron.The choice of construction material is controversial; the building was designed to be built with steel but was actually constructed in iron. Aerial photo of the Exposition Universelle in 1889, central in the picture is the entrance arch known as the Eif fel Tower Volume 10 of Studies in the History of Civil Engineering: Structural Iron and Steel 1850-1900 (published by Ashgate Publishing Limited and edited by Robert Thorne in 2000), includes an article by John W. Stamper, The Galerie des Machines of the 1889 Paris world’s fair.In it, Stamper claims that The principal material of the building’s structure was to have been steel, but the decision was made at the last minute to use iron instead. There is considerable confusion about this on the part of architectural historians, most of whom assume it was built of steel since that is what is mentioned by contemporary journalists before the opening of the fair. William Watson, an American engineer who wrote a thorough report on the fair after it closed states that the idea of using steel was abandoned â€Å"on the two-fold ground of expense and the necessity of hastening the execution of work. The price of iron was about two-thirds that of steel in 1889†¦. There is an extensive and elaborate description of the Expositions two famous buildings in the British journal Engineering (3 May 1889 issue) with illustrations. A follow-up report appears in the 14 June issue of Engineering with this summation: the exhibition will be famous for four distinctive features. In the first place, for its buildings, especially the Eiffel tower and the Machinery Hall; in he second place, for its Colonial Exhibition, which for the first time brings vividly to the appreciation of the Frenchmen that they are masters of lands beyond the sea; thirdly, it will be remembered for its great collection of war material, the most absorbing subject now-a-days, unfortunately, to governments if not to individuals; and fourthly, it will be remembered, and with good cause by many, for the extraordinary manner in which South American countries are represented. (p. 677) The 28 June issue of Engineering also mentions a remarkable Great Model of the Earth created by Theodore Villard and Charles Cotard.There were unseasonal thunderstorms in Paris during that summer of 1889, causing some distress to the canopies and decoration of the exposition, as reported by the Engineering issues at that time. The Exhibition included a building by the Paris architect Pierre-Henri Picq. This was an elaborate iron and glass structure decorated with ceramic tiles in a Byzantine-Egyptian-Romanesque style. After the Exposition the building was shipped to Fort de France and reassembled there, the work being completed by 1893. Known as the Schoelcher Library, initially it contained the 10,000 books thatVictor Schoelcher had donated to the island.Today it houses over 250,000 books and an ethnographic museum, and stands as a tribute to the man it is named after who led the movement to abolish slavery in Martinique. Attractions[edit source | editbeta] Plan of the fair A Negro village (village negre) where 400 people were displayed constituted the major attraction. [4] Matching closely the opening day of the Exposition, the Opera Comique premiered on 14 May 1889 with a work specially composed for that event: Jules Massenets Esclarmonde (debuting American soprano Sybil Sanderson), attracting and entertaining crowds of visitors for the more than 50 evenings the Exposition lasted.At the Exposition, the French composer Claude Debussy first heard Javanese gamelan music, performed by an ensemble from Java. This influenced some of his later compositions. William Stroudley, locomotive superintendent of the London, Brighton and South Coast Railwaydied whilst at the exhibition, where he was exhibiting one of his locomotives. Heineken received the Grand Prix (English: Grand Prize) at the exposition. Buffalo Bill recruited American sharpshooter Annie Oakley to rejoin his Wild West Show which performed for packed audiences throughout the Exposition.Other prominent visitors included the Prince of Wales (the future King Edward VII) and his wife, Princess Alexandra; artistsJames McNe ill Whistler, Edvard Munch, Rosa Bonheur, Paul Gauguin and Vincent van Gogh; U. S. journalist and diplomat Whitelaw Reid; author Henry James; Filipino patriot Jose Rizal; and inventor Thomas Edison A central attraction in the French section was the Imperial Diamond, at the time the largest brilliant in the world. [5] Statistics[edit source | editbeta] †¢Expenses: 41,500,000 Francs †¢Receipts: 49,500,000 Francs †¢Visitors: 32,250,297 †¢Exhibitors: over 61,722, of which 55% were French Gallery